How do we make singular nouns plural?

A noun is a person, place, or thing. A common noun names any person, place or thing and a proper noun names a special person place or thing:
Examples:
common noun: girl
proper noun: Ayaat

common noun: boy
proper noun: Ayman

common noun: school
proper noun: Al-Ihsan

Notice that all of my proper nouns start with capital letters.

Plural nouns rules:
If a noun ends in x, ch, sh, s or ss then you add es to make it plural.
Examples:
box- boxes
wish- wishes
match- matches
bus- buses
class- classes

If a noun ends in a consonant and then a (Y), you drop the (Y) change it to (i) and add (es)
examples:
candy- candies
family- families

If a noun ends in (f) then you change the (f) to a (v) and add (es)
examples:
half- halves
calf- calves

Some plural nouns are just plain different:
The plural of person is people and the plural of cactus is cacti.